Housatonic R.R. Co. v. Comm'r of Revenue Servs.
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For several years, Plaintiff Housatonic Railroad Company purchased diesel fuel from a petroleum distributor that was used exclusively by Plaintiff as part of its interstate freight rail business. The distributor remitted the petroleum tax to Defendant, the commissioner of revenue services. The distributor separately billed Plaintiff for the amount of tax it paid to the department of revenue services, and Plaintiff paid that amount directly to the distributor. Plaintiff then submitted requests to the department for a refund of the money paid for the petroleum tax by the distributor to the department. The commissioner denied Plaintiff's request. Plaintiff appealed. The trial court granted Defendant's motion to dismiss, concluding that the state was immune from suit because Plaintiff could not establish an exception to sovereign immunity under any of three separate statutory provisions. The Supreme Court affirmed, holding that none of the statutory provisions on which Plaintiff relied permits a rail carrier to bring an action against the state for a refund of taxes paid by a petroleum distributor.
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****************************************************** The officially released date that appears near the beginning of each opinion is the date the opinion will be published in the Connecticut Law Journal or the date it was released as a slip opinion. The operative date for the beginning of all time periods for filing postopinion motions and petitions for certification is the officially released date appearing in the opinion. In no event will any such motions be accepted before the officially released date. All opinions are subject to modification and technical correction prior to official publication in the Connecticut Reports and Connecticut Appellate Reports. In the event of discrepancies between the electronic version of an opinion and the print version appearing in the Connecticut Law Journal and subsequently in the Connecticut Reports or Connecticut Appellate Reports, the latest print version is to be considered authoritative. The syllabus and procedural history accompanying the opinion as it appears on the Commission on Official Legal Publications Electronic Bulletin Board Service and in the Connecticut Law Journal and bound volumes of official reports are copyrighted by the Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut, and may not be reproduced and distributed without the express written permission of the Commission on Official Legal Publications, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut. ****************************************************** HOUSATONIC RAILROAD COMPANY, INC. v. COMMISSIONER OF REVENUE SERVICES (SC 18685) Rogers, C. J., and Norcott, Palmer, Zarella, McLachlan, Eveleigh and Vertefeuille, Js. Argued February 10 officially released June 28, 2011 Edward J. Rodriguez, with whom was Matthew R. Whitney, for the appellant (plaintiff). Rupal Shah Palanki, assistant attorney general, with whom, on the brief, was Richard Blumenthal, former attorney general, for the appellee (defendant). Opinion ZARELLA, J. This appeal requires us to determine whether the doctrine of sovereign immunity bars an action brought against the state by a rail carrier seeking a refund of amounts paid to a petroleum product distributor to cover the cost of an allegedly discriminatory petroleum fuel products gross earnings tax (petroleum tax) imposed on and paid by the distributor. The plaintiff, Housatonic Railroad Company, Inc., appeals1 from the judgment of the trial court, which granted the motion of the defendant, the commissioner of revenue services (commissioner), to dismiss the plaintiff s appeal seeking a refund for amounts paid to a fuel distributor to cover the petroleum tax imposed on the distributor pursuant to General Statutes § 12-587 (b) (1). On appeal, the plaintiff claims that the trial court incorrectly concluded that the state was immune from suit because the plaintiff could not establish an exception to sovereign immunity under any of three separate statutory provisions: (1) the federal Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (4-R act), Pub. L. No. 94-210, 90 Stat. 31, which, among other things, prohibits states from taxing rail carriers in a discriminatory manner; see 49 U.S.C. § 11501 (b) (2006); (2) General Statutes § 12-597, which permits [a]ny taxpayer aggrieved by an order or decision of the commissioner with respect to the imposition of the petroleum tax to appeal to the Superior Court; and (3) General Statutes § 12-33, which permits any aggrieved town or company to appeal to the Superior Court from an action of the commissioner. Because we conclude that none of the statutory provisions on which the plaintiff relies permits a rail carrier to bring an action against the state for a refund of taxes paid by a petroleum distributor, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. The trial court s memorandum of decision summarizes the plaintiff s factual allegations as follows: In its complaint, the plaintiff alleges that [it] is a specially chartered Connecticut railroad corporation operating a railroad exclusively as a common carrier of freight by rail within [this state] and Massachusetts under the authority of the [federal] Surface Transportation Board and its predecessor agency, the [federal] Interstate Commerce Commission.2 During the period from July 1, 2003, through June 30, 2007, [the plaintiff] purchased diesel fuel in Connecticut from Sack Distributors Corporation and its predecessor, Stephen H. Sack, [doing business as] Sack Distributors, in [the city of] Hartford . . . .3 The diesel fuel purchased from the distributor was used exclusively by [the plaintiff] in its locomotives as part of its interstate freight rail business. The distributor remitted the [petroleum tax], in the amount of $100,176.91, to the commissioner. The distributor separately billed the plaintiff for the amount of the tax that it paid to the department of revenue services (department), and the plaintiff paid that amount directly to the distributor. Although the plaintiff did not pay the amount of the fuel purchase attributed to the petroleum tax directly to the department, the plaintiff submitted requests to the department for a refund of the money paid for the petroleum tax by the distributor to the department. The plaintiff based its request for a refund on its claim that the petroleum tax discriminated against it because gross earnings from fuel sold for use in vessels traveling in interstate commerce (water carriers) are exempt from the tax, whereas gross earnings from fuel sold to rail carriers are not exempt, in violation of the 4-R act. The commissioner denied the plaintiff s request for a refund on the ground that only the distributor, and not the plaintiff, could request a refund because the distributor, rather than the plaintiff, had paid the tax in question. The plaintiff subsequently appealed from the commissioner s decision to the Superior Court, seeking a refund of the tax. The commissioner filed a motion to dismiss the appeal, claiming that the doctrine of sovereign immunity barred the plaintiff s action because the plaintiff had not established statutory authority to bring the appeal, and, therefore, the court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the plaintiff s claim. The plaintiff responded that it could bring its claim under any of three separate statutory provisions that were sufficient to establish an exception to sovereign immunity: (1) the antidiscrimination provisions of the 4-R act; see 49 U.S.C. § 11501 (2006); (2) § 12-597, which permits [a]ny taxpayer aggrieved by a decision of the commissioner regarding the imposition of the petroleum tax to appeal from that decision to the Superior Court; and (3) § 12-33, which permits any town or company aggrieved by an action of the commissioner to appeal from that action to the Superior Court. Following a hearing, the trial court granted the commissioner s motion to dismiss. The court first concluded that the plaintiff could not appeal under § 12-33 because § 12597, which applies expressly to appeals relating to the imposition of the petroleum tax, was the controlling statute for purposes of such appeals. The court next concluded that the plaintiff could not appeal under § 12597 because the plaintiff was not a taxpayer within the meaning of that statute insofar as it was not liable for the tax and did not pay the tax to the department. The court instead concluded that only fuel distributors are taxpayers for purposes of § 12-597 and that, because the plaintiff was not a fuel distributor, it could not establish that the state had waived its immunity with respect to the plaintiff s claim under that provision. Finally, the court concluded that the plaintiff could not assert its claim against the state under the 4-R act because that act prohibited only discriminatory ad valorem taxes on property and did not apply to taxes on gross earnings of fuel distributors. Having concluded that none of the statutes on which the plaintiff relied permitted it to bring its claim, the court concluded that the doctrine of sovereign immunity barred the plaintiff s appeal. The court granted the commissioner s motion to dismiss the plaintiff s appeal and rendered judgment in the commissioner s favor. This appeal followed. On appeal to this court, the plaintiff claims that, because the state has consented to such claims, the trial court incorrectly concluded that the plaintiff s claim for a refund was barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity. In support of this argument, the plaintiff renews the argument that it made in the trial court, namely, that its claim is maintainable on three separate and independent grounds. The plaintiff first contends that the claim is permitted by the 4-R act, which abrogates a state s sovereign immunity from claims brought by rail carriers seeking relief from discriminatory taxes. The plaintiff next contends that §§ 12-33 and 12-597 each provide statutory authority for the plaintiff to bring its claim for a refund against the state. The commissioner argues that none of the provisions on which the plaintiff relies entitles it to bring its claim against the state and, therefore, that the trial court properly granted the commissioner s motion to dismiss on the basis of sovereign immunity. We agree with the commissioner. We begin with the standard of review of a trial court s decision to grant a motion to dismiss and the applicable principles governing the doctrine of sovereign immunity. A motion to dismiss . . . properly attacks the jurisdiction of the court, essentially asserting that the plaintiff cannot as a matter of law and fact state a cause of action that should be heard by the court. . . . [T]he doctrine of sovereign immunity implicates subject matter jurisdiction and is therefore a basis for granting a motion to dismiss. (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) C. R. Klewin Northeast, LLC v. State, 299 Conn. 167, 174 75, 9 A.3d 326 (2010). Sovereign immunity relates to a court s subject matter jurisdiction over a case . . . and therefore presents a question of law over which we exercise de novo review. . . . The principle that the state cannot be sued without its consent, or sovereign immunity, is well established under our case law. . . . It has deep roots in this state and our legal system in general, finding its origin in ancient common law. . . . Exceptions to this doctrine are few and narrowly construed under our jurisprudence. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Law, 284 Conn. 701, 711, 937 A.2d 675 (2007). To overcome the presumption of sovereign immunity ; id.; a plaintiff seeking to bring a claim against the state must establish that an exception to the doctrine applies. See id., 711 12. I The plaintiff first asserts that it may bring its claim for a refund under the 4-R act and argues that the trial court incorrectly concluded that the 4-R act prohibits only discriminatory property taxes and not petroleum taxes. In support of its claim, the plaintiff argues that, in addition to prohibiting discriminatory property taxes, 49 U.S.C. § 11501 (b) (4) expressly prohibits states from impos[ing] another tax that discriminates against a rail carrier and that this includes discriminatory petroleum taxes. The plaintiff further argues that the state cannot assert a sovereign immunity defense in response to a claim brought under the 4-R act because Congress has abrogated this immunity. The commissioner responds that, although the 4-R act does permit rail carriers to bring claims against the state for violations of that act, the act provides for injunctive or declaratory relief only and not a tax refund, as the plaintiff seeks. For this reason, the commissioner claims that the state retains its immunity from actions seeking refunds.4 Although we agree with the plaintiff that the 4-R act does permit it to bring a claim against the state for the imposition of discriminatory petroleum taxes, we affirm the judgment of the trial court on the alternative ground that the 4-R act permits the plaintiff to bring an action for injunctive or declaratory relief only and not for a refund of taxes already paid. Therefore, the state is immune from such claims notwithstanding the provisions of the 4-R act. The 4-R act permits private rail carriers to bring an action against a state for violations of the act, including those states that do not otherwise consent to be sued by private parties (nonconsenting states), because Congress has abrogated the sovereign immunity of nonconsenting states pursuant to its enforcement powers under § 5 of the fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution.5 As a general rule, the doctrine of sovereign immunity prohibits Congress from expanding the jurisdiction of state courts to allow actions by private parties against nonconsenting states just as the eleventh amendment to the United States constitution6 prohibits Congress from expanding the jurisdiction of federal courts to allow such actions. See Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706, 754, 119 S. Ct. 2240, 144 L. Ed. 2d 636 (1999). There is, however, an exception to this general rule that allows Congress to enforce the provisions of the fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution by expanding the jurisdiction of state or federal courts to allow actions by private parties against nonconsenting states. Section 5 of the fourteenth amendment empowers Congress to enforce that amendment through appropriate legislation . . . . Through these enforcement powers, Congress may abrogate the sovereign immunity of a nonconsenting state because, in adopting the [f]ourteenth [a]mendment, the people required the [s]tates to surrender a portion of [their sovereign immunity] . . . . Alden v. Maine, supra, 756. Courts will uphold federal legislation passed pursuant to this enforcement power as long as (1) Congress [has] identified a history and pattern of unconstitutional discrimination by the states against the [nonsuspect] class that the legislation protects, and (2) the scope of the legislation and the relief provided are congruent and proportional to the harm caused by the discrimination. CSX Transportation, Inc. v. New York State Office of Real Property Services, 306 F.3d 87, 97 (2d Cir. 2002). Using this test, courts that have examined the 4-R act have concluded that it is a valid exercise of Congress enforcement powers under § 5 of the fourteenth amendment and that it thereby abrogates a nonconsenting state s immunity from actions brought pursuant to the act. See, e.g., id., 96 98.7 Because the state is not immune from claims by private rail carriers that are authorized by the provisions of the 4-R act, we must determine whether the plaintiff s claim is permitted by that act. We begin our review with the decision of the trial court in the present case, which dismissed the plaintiff s appeal, in part because the 4-R act prohibits only discriminatory ad valorem taxes on property and not petroleum taxes. We conclude that the trial court improperly dismissed the plaintiff s appeal on that basis. When construing the scope of a federal law, we look to the text of the statute at issue. See, e.g., CSX Transportation, Inc. v. Alabama Dept. of Revenue, U.S. , 131 S. Ct. 1101, 1107, 179 L. Ed. 2d 37 (2011). The portion of the 4-R act at issue in this appeal, namely, 49 U.S.C § 11501 (b), provides in relevant part: The following acts unreasonably burden and discriminate against interstate commerce, and a State, subdivision of a State, or authority acting for a State or subdivision of a State may not do any of them . . . . The statute then sets forth four specific prohibitions on state tax authority. The first three provisions prohibit the imposition of ad valorem taxes on railroad property that discriminate against railroads as compared to other commercial and industrial property. See 49 U.S.C. § 11501 (b) (1) through (3) (2006).8 The text of the fourth prohibition uses language that is much broader than the first three subdivisions and provides that a state may not [i]mpose another tax that discriminates against a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the [Surface Transportation] Board . . . . 9 49 U.S.C. § 11501 (b) (4) (2006). Federal appellate courts have long interpreted this provision to apply to any type of discriminatory tax. See, e.g., Burlington Northern R. Co. v. Superior, 932 F.2d 1185, 1186 (7th Cir. 1991) ( Subsection [b] [4] [of 49 U.S.C. § 11501] is a catch-all designed to prevent the state from accomplishing the forbidden end of discriminating against railroads by substituting another type of tax. It could be an income tax, a gross-receipts tax, a use tax, an occupation tax . . . whatever. ). The United States Supreme Court upheld this commonly accepted reading of 49 U.S.C. § 11501 (b) (4) in a recent decision. See CSX Transportation, Inc. v. Alabama Dept. of Revenue, supra, 1107 1109. In CSX Transportation, Inc., the court concluded that 49 U.S.C. § 11501 (b) (4) permitted an interstate rail carrier to maintain a claim of discriminatory taxation against the state of Alabama arising from a tax that applied to the sale or use of diesel fuel to or by rail carriers where Alabama exempted from taxation diesel fuel sold to interstate motor and water carriers. Id., 1106, 1114. In the present case, the plaintiff alleges that the state imposed a tax on the gross earnings of fuel distributors from the sale of fuel to rail carriers but exempted from taxation gross earnings from the sale of fuel to water carriers and that this tax resulted in the plaintiff having to pay a higher price for fuel.10 In view of the similarity between the plaintiff s allegations in the present case and the claims of the interstate rail carrier in CSX Transportation, Inc., we conclude that the trial court incorrectly dismissed the plaintiff s appeal on the ground that the 4-R act applies only to ad valorem taxes on property.11 Although we conclude that the 4-R act applies to discriminatory petroleum taxes, we further conclude that the 4-R act does not permit courts to order refunds of taxes already paid to the state, as the plaintiff seeks in the present case; instead, it permits only prospective relief, such as injunctive or declaratory relief. The text of subsection (c) of 49 U.S.C. § 11501 provides in relevant part: Notwithstanding section 1341 of title 2812 and without regard to the amount in controversy or citizenship of the parties, a district court of the United States has jurisdiction, concurrent with other jurisdiction of courts of the United States and the States, to prevent a violation of subsection (b) of this section. . . . (Emphasis added.) Although the statute does not delineate the specific types of remedies that courts may order to prevent violations of 49 U.S.C. § 11501 (b), we believe that a fair reading of this provision limits the remedies available under this section to those that are prospective in nature, including injunctive or declaratory relief. Indeed, nothing in this provision mentions or confers on courts the power to grant remedies for past violations. In the present case, however, the plaintiff seeks a refund of taxes that already have been paid, allegedly in violation of the 4-R act, and it does not seek to enjoin the future collection of the tax at issue.13 Because the 4-R act does not provide for refunds of taxes already paid, the plaintiff s request for relief exceeds that permitted under the 4-R act. The plaintiff urges us to allow a claim for a refund because nothing in the 4-R act expressly limits the power of state courts to order refunds. In support of this argument, the plaintiff asserts that Congress may confer jurisdiction to state courts to grant whatever remedy the state court deems appropriate. Although we agree that Congress may invoke its enforcement powers under § 5 of the fourteenth amendment to provide for appropriate relief; see, e.g., Alden v. Maine, supra, 527 U.S. 756; we disagree with the plaintiff that we may expand the relief available under the 4-R act simply because Congress has not expressly prohibited such relief. The 4-R act constitutes congressional interference with state tax authority and is in derogation of the doctrine of sovereign immunity, which requires a narrow reading of the reach of that act and the types of relief available. The United States Supreme Court has recognized that the taxing authority of a state government is a key component of a state s sovereignty. See Dept. of Revenue v. ACF Industries, Inc., 510 U.S. 332, 345, 114 S. Ct. 843, 127 L. Ed. 2d 165 (1994). Because the 4-R act sets limits [on] the taxation authority of state government ; id.; the United States Supreme Court has cautioned that the scope of the act should not be expanded beyond that provided for by Congress. See id. (declining to extend the [4-R act] beyond its evident scope because it sets limits [on] the taxation authority of state government ); see also CSX Transportation, Inc. v. Alabama Dept. of Revenue, supra, 131 S. Ct. 1112 (reiterating principle that courts should not extend 4-R act beyond its clear meaning). See generally Scarborough v. Principi, 541 U.S. 401, 426, 124 S. Ct. 1856, 158 L. Ed. 2d 674 (2004) ( a waiver of sovereign immunity must be construed strictly in favor of the sovereign and not enlarge[d] . . . beyond what the language requires [internal quotation marks omitted]), quoting United States v. Nordic Village, Inc., 503 U.S. 30, 34, 112 S. Ct. 1011, 117 L. Ed. 2d 181 (1992). The only form of relief provided for in the 4-R act is the power to prevent violations of the act. 49 U.S.C. § 11501 (c) (2006). Because nothing in the 4-R act provides for retroactive relief, and because the reach of the 4-R act should not be expanded beyond its evident scope ; Dept. of Revenue v. ACF Industries, Inc., supra, 345; we decline to expand the reach of that act by adding remedies not expressly provided for by Congress.14 In support of its argument that courts may order tax refunds because the 4-R act does not expressly prohibit such a remedy, the plaintiff cites to a federal decision in which the court concluded that the 4-R act did not prevent courts from ordering refunds. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. Lennen, 732 F.2d 1495 (10th Cir. 1984). In Lennen, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, construing an earlier version of the 4-R act,15 concluded that, although the text of the act expressly permitted only injunctive or declaratory relief, tax refunds nevertheless might be permitted because the court was unwilling to infer a restriction on such a remedy. Id., 1507. The court ultimately declined, however, to order a refund on the basis of the facts of that case. See id. In reaching its conclusion that refunds might be permitted because the language of the 4-R act did not expressly prohibit refunds, the Tenth Circuit relied on a decision of the United States Supreme Court that permitted a court to use its equitable powers to craft a remedy for a violation of a federal antidiscrimination law by a private employer even though Congress had permitted courts only to restrain violations of that law. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 1506, quoting Mitchell v. Robert DeMario Jewelry, Inc., 361 U.S. 288, 291, 80 S. Ct. 332, 4 L. Ed. 2d 323 (1960). We disagree with and decline to follow the decision in Lennen for two reasons. First, we disagree with the court s reliance on Mitchell because that case did not address the availability of remedies against a sovereign. In Mitchell, the court addressed a claim for restitution for lost wages against a private employer under a different federal statute. See Mitchell v. Robert DeMario Jewelry, Inc., supra, 361 U.S. 289 90. Although the federal statute at issue in Mitchell appeared to permit courts only to restrain violations of the law; id., 289; the court concluded that, [u]nless a statute in so many words, or by a necessary and inescapable inference, restricts the court s jurisdiction in equity, the full scope of that jurisdiction is to be recognized and applied. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 291. Unlike the claim in Mitchell, which related to employment discrimination and was brought against a private employer, the claim in the present case was brought against the state and involves matters of state tax authority. As we discussed previously, United States Supreme Court cases decided after Lennen demonstrate that states generally are immune from congressional interference on issues of state tax authority, a principle that dictates a narrow construction of the 4-R act. The Lennen court s reliance on Mitchell to expand the remedies available under the 4-R act by allowing for remedies not specifically provided for by Congress appears to contravene this principle. See General American Transportation Corp. v. Limbach, Docket No. C-2-85-1603, 1987 WL 288146, *15 (S.D. Ohio December 28, 1987) (questioning validity of court s conclusion in Lennen regarding availability of tax refund under 4-R act); see also Kansas City Southern Railway Co. v. Borrowman, Docket No. 09-3094, 2009 WL 3188305, *5 n.2 (C.D. Ill. September 30, 2009) (questioning applicability of Mitchell to issue of remedies available under 4-R act). Second, subsequent decisions regarding the relief available under the 4-R act demonstrate that the prevailing view among courts is that the act permits only injunctive or declaratory relief. The very same federal circuit court of appeals that concluded in Lennen that refunds might be allowed under the 4-R act indicated in a subsequent decision that the 4-R act permits only injunctive relief, contrary to its earlier decision. See Union Pacific R. Co. v. Utah, 198 F.3d 1201, 1208 (10th Cir. 1999). In Union Pacific R. Co., the court concluded that the 4-R act constituted a valid and reasonable exercise of Congress authority under § 5 of the fourteenth amendment to abrogate a state s sovereign immunity. Id., 1209. It reached its conclusion in part on the basis that the remedy provided by the 4-R act was a congruent and proportional response to discrimination against rail carriers because the [4-R] [a]ct permits only injunctive relief . . . . Id., 1208. The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals reiterated this position in a subsequent case in which that court declined to overturn its holding in Union Pacific R. Co. See Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. Burton, 270 F.3d 942, 946 47 (10th Cir. 2001), cert. denied sub nom. Atwood v. Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co., 536 U.S. 959, 122 S. Ct. 2664, 153 L. Ed. 2d 838 (2002). The Second Circuit Court of Appeals, in addressing the same issue as the court in Union Pacific R. Co., also based its conclusion that the 4-R act was a valid exercise of congressional power in part on the basis that Congress fashioned a congruent and proportional remedy in the 4-R [a]ct because the act authorizes rail carriers only to seek injunctive relief as to the amount in excess of that allowable under the 4-R [a]ct. CSX Transportation, Inc. v. New York State Office of Real Property Services, supra, 306 F.3d 97.16 Decisions of the federal district courts also reflect this trend. See, e.g., Kansas City Southern Railway Co. v. Borrowman, supra, 2009 WL 3188305, *5 n.2 ( [T]raditional principles of comity and restraint require the [c]ourt to construe [49 U.S.C.] § 11501 narrowly. . . . Section 11501 [c] [of title 49 of the United States Code] gives [the] [c]ourt the power to prevent a violation of [49 U.S.C.] § 11501 [b] . . . and will not be interpreted as an indication that federal district courts may open state coffers to plaintiff [rail carriers] seeking refunds of past tax payments. [Citation omitted; emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.]); General American Transportation Corp. v. Limbach, supra, 1987 WL 288146, *15 ( the [c]ourt is extremely hesitant to ignore the proscription of the [4-R act] which by its terms plainly would seem to limit relief to a prospective remedy only ); Burlington Northern R. Co. v. Bair, 584 F. Sup. 1229, 1231 32 (S.D. Iowa 1984) (declining to order refund under 4-R act because language of act does not provide for tax payment refunds, [p]rinciples of comity mandate a narrow construction of the relief provision of the act, and any intent to abrogate state immunity from claim for refund must be clear from the language of the law enacted ), rev d in part on other grounds, 766 F.2d 1222 (8th Cir. 1985).17 For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Congress, in exercising its enforcement powers under § 5 of the fourteenth amendment, permitted courts to provide only injunctive or declaratory relief to prevent violations of the antidiscrimination provisions of the 4-R act and that Congress did not abrogate the state s immunity from claims seeking refunds for taxes already paid. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court properly rejected the plaintiff s contention that it could bring its claim for a refund under the 4-R act, albeit on the alternative ground that the plaintiff s claim falls outside the scope of the 4-R act because that act empowers courts to provide only injunctive or declaratory relief. II In light of our conclusion that the 4-R act does not permit the plaintiff to assert its claim for a refund, we turn next to the plaintiff s argument that such a remedy is permitted under state law. Because the 4-R act does not allow the plaintiff to assert its claim for a refund, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the legislature has permitted the plaintiff to obtain the relief that it seeks pursuant to state law. The plaintiff contends that it may seek a refund from the state because § 12-597, which permits taxpayers to appeal to the Superior Court from decisions of the commissioner regarding the petroleum tax, establishes that the legislature has waived the state s immunity from such claims. The plaintiff argues that, contrary to the claim of the commissioner, it is entitled to seek a refund of the amount of the petroleum tax paid by the distributor on the distributor s gross earnings from the sale of petroleum products to the plaintiff because the distributor billed the plaintiff for the amount of this tax.18 Because the plaintiff paid the distributor the amount of the distributor s petroleum tax, it argues that it has assumed the economic burden of the tax and is therefore a taxpayer within the meaning of § 12-597. The commissioner argues that the plaintiff may not bring this claim under § 12-597 because that statute permits only taxpayers to appeal from decisions of the commissioner regarding the petroleum tax and the plaintiff in this case is not a taxpayer. In support of this argument, the commissioner asserts that it is irrelevant that the distributor billed the plaintiff for the amount of the tax because the petroleum tax statutes explicitly provide that the tax is levied on and collectible only from the distributor and not the purchaser. Because the plaintiff was not liable for the tax and did not pay the tax to the department, the commissioner maintains that the plaintiff cannot be considered a taxpayer within the meaning of § 12-597. We agree with the commissioner. Because the plaintiff has asserted a claim against the state seeking money damages from the state treasury and is contending that the state has statutorily waived its immunity, we first set forth the well established principles governing statutory waivers of sovereign immunity.19 [A] litigant that seeks to overcome the presumption of sovereign immunity [pursuant to a statutory waiver] must show that . . . the legislature, either expressly or by force of a necessary implication, statutorily waived the state s sovereign immunity . . . . In making this determination, [a court shall be guided by] the well established principle that statutes in derogation of sovereign immunity should be strictly construed. . . . [When] there is any doubt about their meaning or intent they are given the effect which makes the least rather than the most change in sovereign immunity. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Law, supra, 284 Conn. 711 12. Furthermore, because such statutes are in derogation of the common law, [a]ny statutory waiver of immunity must be narrowly construed . . . and its scope must be confined strictly to the extent the statute provides. (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Mahoney v. Lensink, 213 Conn. 548, 555 56, 569 A.2d 518 (1990). We conduct this inquiry mindful that [an appeal pursuant to § 12-597 may require] that the [commissioner] refund certain taxes . . . thereby imposing a monetary obligation on the sovereign, and thus it is essential for its requirements to be satisfied. (Citation omitted.) DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Law, supra, 716. Whether the legislature has waived the state s sovereign immunity raises a question of statutory interpretation. See, e.g., First Union National Bank v. Hi Ho Mall Shopping Ventures, Inc., 273 Conn. 287, 291, 869 A.2d 1173 (2005). General Statutes § 1-2z provides: The meaning of a statute shall, in the first instance, be ascertained from the text of the statute itself and its relationship to other statutes. If, after examining such text and considering such relationship, the meaning of such text is plain and unambiguous and does not yield absurd or unworkable results, extratextual evidence of the meaning of the statute shall not be considered. In accordance with these principles, we turn to the text of the statute. The text of § 12-597 imposes a requirement of taxpayer status on any party seeking to appeal from a decision of the commissioner regarding the petroleum tax. General Statutes § 12-597 provides in relevant part: Any taxpayer aggrieved because of any order, decision, determination or disallowance of the [c]ommissioner . . . made in relation to the [petroleum] tax imposed under section 12-587 may . . . take an appeal therefrom to the superior court . . . . (Emphasis added.) The language expressly grants a right to appeal only to a taxpayer who is aggrieved by a decision of the commissioner regarding the petroleum tax; it does not grant such a right to anyone else. Therefore, to bring an appeal pursuant to this provision, the plaintiff must demonstrate that it is an aggrieved taxpayer, as that term is used in the statute. See, e.g., DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Law, supra, 284 Conn. 716 17 (concluding that plaintiff was not taxpayer within meaning of General Statutes § 12-422, another tax appeal statute, and therefore did not fall within the class of persons . . . for whom the legislature waived sover- eign immunity ). Section 12-597 and the remaining provisions of the chapter governing the petroleum tax do not define the term taxpayer, and, therefore, we construe that term according to its common usage. See, e.g., Potvin v. Lincoln Service & Equipment Co., 298 Conn. 620, 633, 6 A.3d 60 (2010) ( When a statute does not provide a definition, words and phrases in a particular statute are to be construed according to their common usage. . . . To ascertain that usage, we look to the dictionary definition of the term. [Internal quotation marks omitted.]); see also General Statutes § 1-1 (a). When a statute has failed to define the term taxpayer, we generally have used the definition that a taxpayer is one that pays or is liable for a tax. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Bell Atlantic NYNEX Mobile, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 273 Conn. 240, 256 n.16, 869 A.2d 611 (2005), quoting Merriam-Webster s Collegiate Dictionary (10th Ed. 1993); accord DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Law, supra, 284 Conn. 716; see also Webster s Third New International Dictionary (defining taxpayer as one that pays or is liable to pay a tax ). Using this definition, we previously have concluded that the term taxpayer generally includes only those individuals or entities that are legally required to pay or collect the amount of a tax and that the term taxpayer does not include those individuals or entities that merely assume the intended taxpayer s economic tax burden. See DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Law, supra, 284 Conn. 716 17. In DaimlerChrysler Corp., we concluded that the plaintiff automobile manufacturer (manufacturer) could not establish a right to appeal from the commissioner s rejection of a request for a refund of state sales tax that it had paid to consumers pursuant to the state s lemon law because it was not a taxpayer, even though it had assumed the economic burden of the tax that originally was collected from the consumer. See id., 703 704, 716 17. In that case, the manufacturer refunded all costs to consumers who had returned their defective automobiles, including amounts that the consumer had paid to satisfy this state s tax on the retail sale of automobiles. Id., 705. The retail sales tax is imposed on retailers, but retailers collect the amount of the tax from consumers, generally at the time of the sale. See General Statutes § 12-408 (1) and (2). Although the manufacturer was neither the retailer that collected the tax at the time of the sale nor the consumer required to pay the tax, it nevertheless filed a request with the commissioner for a refund of the amounts that it had paid to consumers after they had returned the defective automobiles to reimburse the consumers for their payment of the tax, suggesting that it was entitled to such a refund because it had assumed the economic burden of the tax. See id., 707. The commissioner denied the request; see id., 706; and the manufacturer appealed to the trial court, which rendered judgment dismissing the manufacturer s appeal, in part because the manufacturer was not a taxpayer within the meaning of § 12422, the sales tax appeals statute. Id., 709. We upheld the trial court s decision because, although the manufacturer had assumed the consumers economic burden of the sales tax, the manufacturer was not a taxpayer in that it was neither the consumer who purchased the automobile nor the retailer that sold it, and, therefore, it was not legally obligated to collect or pay the sales tax. See id., 716 17; see also id., 717 ( because the [manufacturer] alleges neither that it was the purchaser of the vehicles subject to the sales tax . . . nor that it was responsible for the payment of the original sales tax at the time of the original purchase giving rise to the sales tax, we cannot conclude that it was an aggrieved taxpayer under § 12-422 ). Thus, consistent with the definition of taxpayer and our decision in DaimlerChrysler Corp., we must determine whether the plaintiff in the present case was legally liable either to pay or collect the amount of the petroleum tax. Because the answer to this question is not manifest in § 12-597 alone, we look to other provisions in chapter 227 of the General Statutes the chapter governing the petroleum tax to determine whether the plaintiff is a payer of the petroleum tax. See General Statutes § 1-2z (requiring courts construing statute to consider its relationship to other statutes). Other provisions in chapter 227 demonstrate that a purchaser of petroleum products is not a payer of the petroleum tax because it is not liable for and does not pay that tax. The petroleum tax is imposed on and collected only from distributors of petroleum products, not the purchasers of such products. General Statutes § 12-587 (b) (1) provides in relevant part that any company which is engaged in the refining or distribution, or both, of petroleum products and which distributes such products in this state shall pay a quarterly tax on its gross earnings derived from the first sale of petroleum products within this state. . . . With one exception that does not impact our resolution of this appeal,20 nothing in § 12-587, or any other provision of chapter 227, imposes this tax on the purchaser of petroleum products, and no provision requires the purchaser to pay such tax. Because purchasers of petroleum products are not liable for and are not required to pay the petroleum tax, we cannot conclude that such purchasers are taxpayers within the meaning of § 12-597. Indeed, the legislature included a specific statutory provision expressing its intent that the petroleum tax is not to be construed as a tax on the purchaser. General Statutes § 12-599 (a) provides: It is not the intention of the General Assembly that the tax imposed under section 12-587 be construed as a tax upon purchasers of petroleum products, but that such tax shall be levied upon and be collectible from petroleum companies as defined in said section 12-587, and that such tax shall constitute a part of the operating overhead of such companies. This statutory command that we not construe the petroleum tax as being levied upon the purchasers of petroleum products precludes us from concluding that such purchasers are liable for the tax. Furthermore, we cannot construe the petroleum tax as being paid by the purchasers of such products because we may construe the tax as being collectible from only distributors of petroleum products and not from purchasers at the time of sale. Compare General Statutes § 12-599 (a) (petroleum tax to be construed as tax on and collectible from seller only) with General Statutes § 12-408 (1) and (2) (retail sales tax imposed on seller but collectible from purchaser). Thus, to conclude that the purchaser of petroleum products is a taxpayer within the meaning of § 12-597 would contradict the intent of the legislature, as expressed in § 12-599 (a), and such a construction would violate both the plain meaning rule; see General Statutes § 1-2z; and the doctrine of sovereign immunity. See DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Law, supra, 284 Conn. 717; see also id., 716 ( [a]ny statutory waiver of immunity must be narrowly construed . . . and its scope must be confined strictly to the extent the statute provides [internal quotation marks omitted]). In addition to expressing the legislature s intent regarding the construction of the provisions concerning the imposition of the petroleum tax, § 12-599 also prohibits petroleum distributors from passing on the cost of the petroleum tax to purchasers by raising the prices of their petroleum products in this state. See General Statutes § 12-599 (b) (prohibiting petroleum companies from raising wholesale rack price of their petroleum products by an amount higher than the average amount by which such company raises its wholesale rack price for such product in all ports on the eastern coast of the United States ). This provision is commonly referred to as an anti-passthrough provision . . . . Mobil Oil Corp. v. Dubno, 639 F.2d 919, 920 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 967, 101 S. Ct. 3122, 69 L. Ed. 2d 980 (1981). Subsequent to this state s adoption of the petroleum tax, which included the anti-passthrough provision; see Public Acts 1980, No. 80-71, §§ 1 and 13 (P.A. 80-71); the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut declared the anti-passthrough provision of P.A. 80-71, § 13, unconstitutional on the ground that it violated the supremacy clause of the United States constitution; see U.S. Const., art. VI, cl. 2; inasmuch as the federal government had preempted the states from regulating prices of petroleum products. Mobil Oil Corp. v. Dubno, 492 F. Sup. 1004, 1013 14 (D. Conn. 1980), aff d in part and appeal dismissed in part, 639 F.2d 919 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 967, 101 S. Ct. 3122, 69 L. Ed. 2d 980 (1981). After the District Court declared the state anti-passthrough provision unconstitutional, petroleum products distributors began to pass the cost of the petroleum tax on to the purchasers of such products, often in the form of a separate charge, itemized on a sales invoice. See Texaco Refining & Marketing Co. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 202 Conn. 583, 585, 522 A.2d 771 (1987). The fact that the anti-passthrough provision in § 12599 (b) has been held to be unconstitutional and that distributors are passing on the cost of the petroleum tax to purchasers does not, however, alter the legislature s intent, as expressed in § 12-599 (a), that the petroleum tax is not to be construed as a tax on purchasers. Indeed, we previously have addressed and rejected such an argument. See id., 595 ( the unenforceability of § 12599 [b], for constitutional reasons, does not disturb the legislative intent, manifested in § 12-599 [a] ). In Texaco Refining & Marketing Co., this court concluded that the fact that the petroleum tax is passed on to purchasers does not alter the original intent of the legislature to impose the tax on the distributor s gross earnings and to collect the tax only from the distributor and not from the purchaser at the time of the sale. See id., 598 ( [W]e conclude . . . that § 12-587 includes within gross earnings the amounts that the [distributor] has collected as taxes passed through to its customers. This result is not altered by the fact that, for its own accounting purposes, the [distributor] billed its customers separately for the sales price of its petroleum products and for the taxes it collected from them. ). Because we are obligated to abide by the intent of the legislature, as expressed in § 12-599 (a), we cannot construe the term taxpayer in § 12-597 to include purchasers of petroleum products. Therefore, we conclude that the legislature has not waived the state s immunity and allowed purchasers of petroleum products to appeal from a decision of the commissioner regarding the petroleum tax.21 In the present case, the plaintiff has alleged only that it is a purchaser of petroleum products, not that it is a distributor of such products. Although the plaintiff alleges that it paid the distributor the amount of the tax for which the distributor was liable, the plaintiff was neither liable for the tax, nor did it pay the tax. Therefore, any amounts paid to the distributor in anticipation of the distributor s tax liability constitute only an amount that the plaintiff paid in consideration for the petroleum products that it purchased from the distributor. See Texaco Refining & Marketing Co. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, supra, 202 Conn. 598. That the distributor used this consideration to cover a portion of its tax liability does not make the plaintiff a taxpayer. See DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Law, supra, 284 Conn. 716 17. Consistent with the expressed intent of the legislature and our case law, we conclude that the plaintiff is not a taxpayer within the meaning of § 12-597 and cannot appeal from the decision of the commissioner to the Superior Court pursuant to that statute.22 III The plaintiff next claims that the trial court incorrectly concluded that it could not maintain its appeal under § 12-33 on the ground that that statute was inapplicable to the plaintiff s claim because § 12-597, rather than § 12-33, governs any appeal from a decision of the commissioner regarding the petroleum tax. In support of this claim, the plaintiff argues that, if it cannot appeal under § 12-597 because it is not a taxpayer within the meaning of that statute, it nevertheless may appeal from the commissioner s decision under § 12-33, which the plaintiff characterizes as a general appeal statute . . . . The commissioner responds that the trial court correctly concluded that § 12-597 is the controlling statute because that statute specifically applies to appeals from decisions of the commissioner regarding the tax at issue in the present case. In support of this argument, the commissioner relies on the provisions of chapter 227 governing refund request procedures and argues that these procedures specifically require that any appeal from a decision of the commissioner regarding the petroleum tax be taken pursuant to the provisions of § 12-597 and not § 12-33. We agree with the commissioner. Consistent with § 1-2z, we begin with the text of § 1233. General Statutes § 12-33 provides in relevant part: Any . . . company aggrieved by the action of the commissioner may, within one month from the time of such action, make application in the nature of an appeal therefrom to the superior court of the judicial district in which such applicant is located . . . . Although the text of § 12-33 appears to permit the appeal in the present case insofar as the plaintiff is a company aggrieved by the action of the commissioner, this does not end our inquiry. Section 1-2z also directs us to consider the relationship of this statute to other statutes. According to the plaintiff, it requested a refund of the petroleum tax pursuant to § 12-589, which prescribes the procedures applicable to a request for a refund of an amount paid for the petroleum tax. Because the claim in the present case involves a request for a refund of an amount paid for the petroleum tax, we look to § 12-589 and the procedures prescribed therein to assist in our determination of whether the plaintiff may appeal from the decision of the commissioner pursuant to § 12-33 instead of § 12-597. A review of the procedures in § 12-589 demonstrates that, notwithstanding the text of § 12-33, which otherwise appears to apply to the present case, the legislature specifically has required that a decision of the commissioner regarding a petroleum tax refund request be appealed pursuant to § 12-597. General Statutes § 12589 (a) (1) provides in relevant part: Any company believing that it has overpaid any taxes imposed under section 12-587 [the statute imposing the petroleum tax] may file a claim for [a] refund in writing with the commissioner . . . . Section 12-589 further specifies the procedures for the handling of any claims for a refund. Specifically, the statute provides that, in the event that the commissioner denies a request for a refund, the action of the commissioner on the claimant s protest shall be final upon the expiration of one month from the date on which he mails notice of his action to the claimant unless within such period the claimant seeks judicial review of the commissioner s determination pursuant to section 12-597. (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 12-589 (a) (4). This provision expressly provides that judicial review of a decision of the commissioner concerning a refund request filed pursuant to § 12-589 must be obtained pursuant to § 12-597. Indeed, § 12-589 (a) (4) makes clear that, unless a party claiming a refund takes an appeal pursuant to § 12-597, the decision of the commissioner is final as to the claimant s request for a refund.23 We conclude that this provision strongly supports the conclusion that the legislature intended for § 12-597, rather than § 12-33, to be the provision governing an appeal from the decision of the commissioner concerning a request for a refund of the petroleum tax.24 This conclusion is supported by the well established principle of statutory interpretation that requires courts to apply the more specific statute relating to a particular subject matter in favor of the more general statute that otherwise might apply in the absence of the specific statute. [I]t is a well-settled principle of construction that specific terms covering the given subject matter will prevail over general language of the same or another statute which might otherwise prove controlling. . . . The provisions of one statute which specifically focus on a particular problem will always, in the absence of express contrary legislative intent, be held to prevail over provisions of a different statute more general in its coverage. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Tappin v. Homecomings Financial Network, Inc., 265 Conn. 741, 760, 830 A.2d 711 (2003). The text of the two statutes at issue and their respective locations in the state tax code demonstrate that § 12-597 more specifically applies to the tax at issue in the present case. Section 12-597 is found within the chapter of the tax code dedicated to the petroleum tax, namely, chapter 227, and § 12-597 specifies the requirements and procedures for appeals from a decision of the commissioner made in relation to the tax imposed under section 12-587, which is the provision imposing the petroleum tax.25 Section 12-33, on the other hand, is located in the first chapter of the tax code, namely, chapter 201, which contains numerous provisions relating to the commissioner and the department generally, as well as several specific provisions unrelated to the petroleum tax. Nothing in the text of § 12-33 indicates that it is specifically applicable to the petroleum tax; indeed, nothing in chapter 227, the chapter governing the petroleum tax, refers to § 12-33 or indicates in any way that § 12-33 has any relevance to appeals from the commissioner s decision concerning the petroleum tax. Moreover, § 12-33 lacks any language expressing that the legislature intended § 12-33 to apply even though there might be other, more specific, appeal provisions. For example, if the legislature had intended § 12-33 to operate as a general appeal provision, we would expect to see some reference in the text of § 1233 that it should apply notwithstanding any other provision of law. See, e.g., General Statutes § 12-88a (b) (providing that section shall apply [n]otwithstanding any other provision of the general statutes ). Such language is absent in § 12-33. Thus, in the absence of any clear legislative intent to the contrary, we conclude that § 12597, the provision that is more specific with respect to appeals from the commissioner s decision concerning the petroleum tax, should apply over § 12-33. We also are compelled to conclude that § 12-597 should apply instead of § 12-33 by virtue of another well established principle of statutory construction that requires us to interpret and apply statutes so as not to render any statutory provision superfluous. We presume that the legislature did not intend to enact meaningless provisions. . . . [S]tatutes must be construed, if possible, such that no clause, sentence or word shall be superfluous, void or insignificant . . . . (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Semerzakis v. Commissioner of Social Services, 274 Conn. 1, 18, 873 A.2d 911 (2005). The plaintiff argues that §§ 12-33 and 12-597 apply simultaneously as alternative appeal provisions. This reading would, however, render § 12-597 superfluous because § 12-597 does not add any substantive rights or procedures that do not already exist by virtue of § 12-33, which was enacted prior to § 12-597. See General Statutes (Rev. to 1958) § 12-33; see also General Statutes (1949 Rev.) § 1711 (predecessor to § 12-33); cf. P.A. 80-71, § 11, codified as amended at General Statutes § 12-597. Indeed, according to the plaintiff s interpretation of the statutory scheme, if the legislature had not enacted § 12-597, § 12-33 would nevertheless have permitted any aggrieved company to appeal from any decision of the commissioner, including those companies qualifying as taxpayers that currently may appeal under § 12-597. Because, under the plaintiff s interpretation, any company that can appeal under § 12-597 already could have appealed under § 12-33, and because § 12597 does not add any substantive right or procedure that did not already exist in § 12-33, there would have been no reason for the legislature to have enacted § 12597. Therefore, this principle supports the conclusion that the legislature intended § 12-597 and not § 12-33 to be the applicable statute for appeals from the commissioner s decision concerning the petroleum tax.26 Moreover, the legislature has enacted specific appeal provisions for every kind of tax in the state tax code under the jurisdiction of the commissioner. See, e.g., General Statutes § 12-237 (appeals regarding corporation business tax); General Statutes § 12-268l (appeals regarding railroad company, community antenna television system, public utility company and public service company taxes); General Statutes § 12-422 (appeals regarding sales and use taxes); General Statutes § 12448 (appeals regarding alcoholic beverage tax); General Statutes § 12-463 (appeals regarding motor vehicle fuels tax); General Statutes § 12-521 (appeals regarding dividends, interest income and capital gains taxes); General Statutes § 12-554 (appeals regarding admissions, cabaret and dues taxes). All of these provisions provide essentially the same appeal procedures as § 12-33, except they, like § 12-597, narrow the categories of permissible appellants. For the same reason that § 12-597 would be rendered superfluous, all of these statutes and their respective limitations on standing to appeal also would be rendered superfluous under both the plaintiff s and the dissent s interpretation of the statutory scheme. In view of the extent to which the legislature has carefully enacted specific appeal provisions for each kind of tax specified in the state tax code, we cannot conclude that § 12-597 and similar statutes are merely unnecessary surplus. Finally, we disagree with the plaintiff s conclusory argument that a more reasonable reasoning [of § 1233] is that the legislature foresaw a situation [in which] a tax is illegally or erroneously collected by the commissioner from a company or town [that] may not fall into the strict definition of a taxpayer for the purposes of the specific tax statute and, in response, wrote an intentionally broad statute to provide an avenue of appeal to those companies and towns. To the extent that the plaintiff and the dissent are asserting that the legislature enacted § 12-33 to be an alternative to the specific appeal statutes in the state tax code, such a claim is not supported by the genealogy of the statute. What is now § 12-33 originally was enacted to permit appeals from action[s] of the state board of equalization, and not from actions of the tax commissioner. Public Acts 1917, c. 186, § 1; see also Connecticut Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Rogers, 113 Conn. 14, 15 17, 154 A. 246 (1931) (resolving appeal from state board of equalization brought pursuant to General Statutes [1930 Rev.] § 1124, which is predecessor to § 12-33). At that time, the state board of equalization had the power to equalize property tax assessments by municipalities; see General Statutes (1930 Rev.) § 1108; and to oversee taxes on the gross earnings of certain types of companies, such as the tax on gross earnings of water, gas, electric and power companies. See General Statutes (1930 Rev.) § 1119. A predecessor to § 12-33, namely, General Statutes (1930 Rev.) § 1124, permitted appeals from the board of equalization and provided in relevant part: Any town, company or national banking association claiming to be aggrieved by the action of the board of equalization may . . . appeal therefrom to the superior court . . . . At the same time, the tax commissioner had authority over taxes that were different from those within the authority of the state board of equalization, such as the corporation tax; General Statutes (1930 Rev.) § 1327; and each of the taxes that were within the authority of the tax commissioner had their own specific appeal provisions. See, e.g., General Statutes (1930 Rev.) § 1335 (permitting appeals from decisions of tax commissioner regarding corporation tax). Thus, when originally enacted, the purpose of the predecessor to § 12-33 was to permit appeals from an action of the state board of equalization, not from an action or decision of the tax commissioner. The predecessor statute to § 12-33 did not apply to actions of the tax commissioner until 1937, when the legislature abolished the state board of equalization and transferred its powers to the tax commissioner. See Public Acts 1937, c. 238, § 13, codified at General Statutes (1939 Sup.) § 317e. The legislature accomplished this transfer simply by striking out references to the state board of equalization and replacing them with references to the tax commissioner, including the reference to the board of equalization in the statute governing appeals from an action of the board. See General Statutes (1939 Sup.) § 317e ( [a]ny town or company claiming to be aggrieved by the action of the tax commissioner may . . . appeal therefrom to the superior court ), amending General Statutes (1930 Rev.) § 1124 (governing appeals from action of state board of equalization). The legislature did not repeal the specific appeal provisions in other parts of the state tax code that already provided for appeals from decisions of the tax commissioner regarding certain taxes. Thus, those specific appeal provisions remained applicable to appeals from decisions of the tax commissioner regarding the specific taxes that they addressed; see, e.g., General Statutes (1949 Rev.) § 1917 (appeals regarding corporation tax); whereas the predecessor to § 12-33, namely, General Statutes (1949 Rev.) § 1711, continued to be the applicable appeal provision for decisions concerning those taxes formerly under the oversight of the state board of equalization. Since the elimination of the state board of equalization, the legislature subsequently has amended those tax provisions formerly under the supervision of that board to provide specific appeal provisions for each of those taxes. See, e.g., Public Acts 1961, No. 604, § 27 (adding appeal provision for, inter alia, utility company tax). The legislature also has enacted specific appeal provisions for every new tax in the state tax code. See, e.g., General Statutes § 12312 (permitting appeals from decision of commissioner regarding cigarette tax). Even though all taxes formerly under the control of the state board of equalization currently have a specific appeal provision apart from § 12-33, and the legislature has included a specific appeal provision for every other tax in the state tax code, the legislature has not repealed § 12-33, and the text of that provision has largely remained unchanged.27 Although § 12-33 no longer governs appeals from decisions regarding those taxes formerly under the oversight of the state board of equalization, it is not left without any purpose because it has since been used to permit appeals from actions of the commissioner regarding taxes or assessments for which the legislature has not provided a specific appeal statute, including those taxes or assessments codified outside the state tax code. See Circuit-Wise, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 215 Conn. 292, 293 94 and n.2, 576 A.2d 1259 (1990) (resolving appeal brought pursuant to § 12-33 from decision of commissioner concerning hazardous waste tax assessment made in accordance with General Statutes § 22a-132, which did not, at that time, contain specific appeal procedure). Thus, although the purpose of § 12-33 has changed since its original enactment, nothing in the language of § 1233 or its genealogy demonstrates that the legislature intended it to operate as an alternative to the specific appeal procedures otherwise provided by the legislature. For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that a person or entity may appeal from a decision of the commissioner regarding the petroleum tax only pursuant to § 12-597 and not pursuant to § 12-33. Because none of the provisions that the plaintiff relies on permits it to assert its claim, we conclude that the trial court properly dismissed the plaintiff s appeal. The judgment is affirmed. In this opinion ROGERS, C. J., and NORCOTT, PALMER, McLACHLAN and VERTEFEUILLE, Js., concurred. 1 The plaintiff appealed to the Appellate Court from the judgment of the trial court, and we transferred the appeal to this court pursuant to General Statutes § 51-199 (c) and Practice Book § 65-1. 2 The Interstate Commerce Commission was abolished and its functions were transferred to the Surface Transportation Board, effective January 1, 1996. See ICC Termination Act of 1995, Pub. L. No. 104-88, §§ 101 and 201 (a), 109 Stat. 803, 804, 933 34. 3 We hereinafter refer to Sack Distributors Corporation and Sack collectively as the distributor throughout this opinion. 4 Although the commissioner did not specifically raise this claim as an alternative ground for affirming the judgment of the trial court; see Practice Book § 63-4 (a) (1); the claim raises an issue regarding the subject matter jurisdiction of this court; see, e.g., DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Law, supra, 284 Conn. 711 (sovereign immunity implicates subject matter jurisdiction); and this court therefore is required to address it. See, e.g., Richardson v. Commissioner of Correction, 298 Conn. 690, 696, 6 A.3d 52 (2010) ( [t]he subject matter jurisdiction requirement may not be waived by any party, and also may be raised by a party, or by the court sua sponte, at any stage of the proceedings, including on appeal [internal quotation marks omitted]). Moreover, the plaintiff had an opportunity to respond to this claim, and did respond, in its reply brief. In fact, the plaintiff requested and was granted permission to use additional pages in its reply brief to respond to this claim pursuant to Practice Book § 67-3. Accordingly, we conclude that the parties had an adequate opportunity to address this issue, and our resolution of the case on this ground will not prejudice the plaintiff. See, e.g., Kaddah v. Commissioner of Correction, 299 Conn. 129, 136 n.10, 7 A.3d 911 (2010). 5 The fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States, § 5, provides: The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 6 The eleventh amendment to the constitution of the United States provides: The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. The United States Supreme Court has construed this provision to preserve a broad concept of sovereign immunity that includes a prohibition on federal jurisdiction over an action brought against a nonconsenting state by its own citizens as well. Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1, 10 S. Ct. 504, 33 L. Ed. 842 (1890). 7 Neither party claims that the 4-R act is not a valid exercise of Congress powers under § 5 of the fourteenth amendment, and we see no reason to depart from case law supporting that proposition. 8 Title 49 of the United States Code, § 11501, provides in relevant part: (b) The following acts unreasonably burden and discriminate against interstate commerce, and a State, subdivision of a State, or authority acting for a State or subdivision of a State may not do any of them: (1) Assess rail transportation property at a value that has a higher ratio to the true market value of the rail transportation property than the ratio that the assessed value of other commercial and industrial property in the same assessment jurisdiction has to the true market value of the other commercial and industrial property. (2) Levy or collect a tax on an assessment that may not be made under paragraph (1) of this subsection. (3) Levy or collect an ad valorem property tax on rail transportation property at a tax rate that exceeds the tax rate applicable to commercial and industrial property in the same assessment jurisdiction. . . . 9 In its complaint, the plaintiff claims that it is subject to the jurisdiction of the federal Surface Transportation Board. The commissioner does not dispute this allegation. 10 We note that, unlike the tax in CSX Transportation, Inc., which was assessed directly against the rail carrier, the tax at issue in the present case was assessed against the distributor and not against the rail carrier. In determining the applicability of the 4-R act, we do not consider this distinction to be relevant or fatal to the plaintiff s claim. See Burlington Northern R. Co. v. Superior, supra, 932 F.2d 1186 ( [t]he [4-R act] applies to taxes on rail transportation property and to other taxes if they discriminate against rail carriers; it thus is not limited to cases in which the railroad is the taxpayer ). This distinction, however, is relevant to our analysis of the plaintiff s claims under state law. See parts II and III of this opinion. 11 The commissioner also argues that the 4-R act does not apply to allegedly discriminatory tax exemptions and that, because the plaintiff is challenging a tax exemption, this claim is not cognizable under the 4-R act. The United States Supreme Court s recent decision in CSX Transportation, Inc., however, held to the contrary. See CSX Transportation, Inc. v. Alabama Dept. of Revenue, supra, 131 S. Ct. 1106, 1108. 12 Title 28 of the United States Code, § 1341, provides: The district courts shall not enjoin, suspend or restrain the assessment, levy or collection of any tax under State law where a plain, speedy and efficient remedy may be had in the courts of such State. 13 Indeed, as of July 1, 2007, a petroleum distributor s gross earnings from petroleum products sold to rail carriers are no longer subject to the petroleum tax. See General Statutes § 12-587 (b) (2) (L). 14 The plaintiff also argues that the courts of this state are not bound by the same considerations of state sovereignty as federal courts and, therefore, may order the commissioner to issue a refund because [t]he eleventh amendment constraints [that] prevent federal courts from ordering a refund are constraints [on] the power of Congress to expand federal . . . jurisdiction [and] not [on] the power of Congress to prohibit state conduct [or on] the power of Congress to confer jurisdiction to state courts to grant whatever remedy the state court deems appropriate. This argument contradicts the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Alden v. Maine, supra, 527 U.S. 706, in which that court concluded that Congress may not expand the jurisdiction of state courts to allow private actions against nonconsenting states through its powers under article one of the United States constitution. Id., 754. In reaching this conclusion, the court reasoned that, although the eleventh amendment merely constrains Congress power to expand federal court jurisdiction to include private actions against nonconsenting states, general principles of sovereign immunity prohibit Congress from expanding state court jurisdiction to include such actions. See id., 748 54. Therefore, regardless of whether Congress is expanding federal or state court jurisdiction to include private actions against nonconsenting states, the limitations on this power and the exceptions to those limitations are essentially the same. See id., 754 ( [w]e are aware of no constitutional precept that would admit of a congressional power to require state courts to entertain federal [actions that] are not within the judicial power of the United States and could not be heard in federal courts ). Therefore, we conclude that the same principles that prevent federal courts from expanding the reach of the 4-R act beyond that clearly provided for by Congress apply equally to this court s construction of the 4-R act. Cf. Sullins v. Rodriguez, 281 Conn. 128, 133 38, 913 A.2d 415 (2007) (observing that, although valid federal laws generally may be enforced in state courts, when construing scope of federal law that encroaches on state s sovereign immunity, federal law and principles control our analysis). 15 The court in Lennen construed and applied an earlier version of the 4R act. See Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. Lennen, supra, 732 F.2d 1497 98 (construing Pub. L. No. 94-210, § 306, 90 Stat. 54, codified at 49 U.S.C. § 26c [2] [1976]). That statutory provision provided in relevant part: [T]he district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction, without regard to amount in controversy or citizenship of the parties, to grant such mandatory or prohibitive injunctive relief, interim equitable relief, and declaratory judgments as may be necessary to prevent, restrain, or terminate any acts in violation of this section . . . . 49 U.S.C. § 26c (2) (1976). 16 To read the 4-R act to permit whatever remedy the state court deems appropriate, as the plaintiff suggests, would undermine the conclusion of these courts that the act is a valid exercise of Congress enforcement powers under § 5 of the fourteenth amendment because these courts reached this conclusion in part on the ground that the act permits only injunctive or declaratory relief. 17 The plaintiff also cites to a single case in which a federal district court ordered a state to refund taxes paid in violation of the 4-R act. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. State Board of Equalization, Docket No. C-89-4030 DLJ, 1994 WL 508836 (N.D. Cal. September 7, 1994). In ordering a refund, that court did not provide any authority for its decision or any analysis as to whether the 4-R act permitted such refunds. See id., *5 *6. Although the defendants in that case appealed from the order of the District Court to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, that court dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction because of a late filing. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. California State Board of Equalization, 102 F.3d 425, 427 (9th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1114, 120 S. Ct. 930, 145 L. Ed. 2d 810 (2000). Because the District Court provided no authority or analysis for its decision, and because the decision was not subject to appellate review, we do not find this case persuasive to our analysis. 18 In addition to its argument that it is a taxpayer within the meaning of § 12-597, the plaintiff also argues that any requirement of taxpayer status in that statute has been abrogated by the 4-R act such that any rail carrier can appeal from a decision of the commissioner. We already have concluded, however, that the 4-R act abrogated the state s immunity from claims seeking injunctive or declaratory relief only and not from claims seeking refunds for taxes already paid. Therefore, we need not address this argument. 19 Although this case implicates the doctrine of sovereign immunity, and the commissioner specifically raised that doctrine in support of its motion to dismiss, we note that, for the same reason that sovereign immunity bars the plaintiff s claim, the plaintiff s claim similarly could be dismissed on the basis of the plaintiff s lack of standing to appeal under § 12-597 because the plaintiff cannot meet the requirements of that statute. See, e.g., Brown & Brown, Inc. v. Blumenthal, 288 Conn. 646, 654, 954 A.2d 816 (2008) ( [t]he right of appeal is accorded only if the conditions fixed by statute and the rules of court for taking and prosecuting the appeal are met [internal quotation marks omitted]). 20 The petroleum tax is imposed on the purchaser, rather than the distributor, when the purchaser buys the petroleum product from an out-of-state distributor for resale, use or consumption within this state. In such case, the out-of-state distributor is not liable to pay the petroleum tax to this state. See General Statutes § 12-587 (c) (1). It is undisputed, however, that the present case involves the purchase of petroleum products from an in-state distributor who was subject to the petroleum tax. Therefore, the exception set forth in § 12-587 (c) (1) has no bearing on the merits of this appeal. 21 Although the plaintiff argues that it should be considered a taxpayer because the petroleum tax is passed through to the purchaser and that the legislature s intended scheme is no longer workable, we need not determine whether the present scheme represents good tax policy. The legislature chose the current scheme and has elected not to change it in the thirty-one years since the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut declared this state s anti-passthrough provision unconstitutional in Mobil Oil Corp. v. Dubno, supra, 492 F. Sup. 1013 14. Our role is only to construe the statutes as provided by the legislature and not to construe them in a manner that we think represents better policy; policy decisions must be left to the legislature. This principle is especially strong in cases involving waiver of sovereign immunity. 22 In support of its argument that it should be permitted to appeal pursuant to § 12-597, the plaintiff claims that there are inconsistencies between the language in General Statutes § 12-589 (a) (1), which permits [a]ny company believing that it has overpaid [the petroleum tax] to request a refund from the commissioner, and the language in § 12-597, which permits only a taxpayer to appeal from a decision of the commissioner regarding refund requests. The plaintiff claims that, if the legislature has permitted any company to request a refund under § 12-589, any company should therefore be permitted to appeal from a decision concerning that refund request notwithstanding any taxpayer status requirement in § 12-597. This perceived inconsistency between these statutes disappears, however, when those sections are read together with the statutory provision that imposes the tax, namely, § 12-587. Section 12-587 (b) (1) imposes the petroleum tax on any company that distributes petroleum in this state. General Statutes § 12-589 (a) (1), in turn, provides that [a]ny company believing that it has overpaid any taxes imposed under section 12-587 may request a refund. Thus, the reference in § 12-589 (a) (1) to [a]ny company refers only to those companies that are required to pay the tax imposed by § 12-587 (b) (1) and are therefore considered taxpayers for the purpose of taking an appeal pursuant to § 12-597. The language of §§ 12-589 (a) (1) and 12-597 also is consistent in light of the legislature s stated intent that only those companies subject to the petroleum tax under § 12-587 are to be considered taxpayers. General Statutes § 12-599 (a). Indeed, the plaintiff acknowledges that this inconsistency is corrected when these provisions are interpreted as a tax only on distributors, as the legislature originally intended. For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that, although the plaintiff filed its request for a refund pursuant to § 12-589, and those procedures govern such a request, the plaintiff was not entitled to a refund under that provision because it cannot establish that it was a taxpayer. 23 In this context, we interpret the term final to mean that no further proceedings on the request for a refund are available except for those described in the statute. Additionally, we interpret the term claimant in § 12-589 (a) (4) to include any entity that has filed a claim for a refund of the petroleum tax, irrespective of whether that entity is actually entitled to a refund. The plaintiff in the present case had filed a claim for a refund of the petroleum tax and therefore is a claimant within the meaning of § 12-589 (a) (4). For this reason, and for the myriad of reasons set forth in footnote 24 of this opinion, we disagree with the conclusion of the dissent that § 12-589 (a) (4), and its requirement that a claimant appeal pursuant to § 12-597, does not apply to the plaintiff because the plaintiff is not a taxpayer. This conclusion is inconsistent with the broad language of § 12-589, which does not limit the applicability of that statute to taxpayers only. 24 The dissent argues that the plaintiff may appeal pursuant to § 12-33 because the procedures set forth in chapter 227, the chapter of the General Statutes governing the petroleum tax, do not apply to the plaintiff or to the plaintiff s claims. The dissent bases this conclusion in large part on its determination that the plaintiff s claim is beyond the purview of the petroleum tax chapter and, therefore, [that] its appeal is not governed by the procedures set forth in § 12-597, which are properly reserved for taxpayer[s] . . . . We respectfully disagree with the conclusion of the dissent for several reasons. First, the dissent s argument does not give appropriate weight to the nature of the relief that the plaintiff clearly sought. The dissent reasons that chapter 227, and specifically § 12-597, has no bearing on the plaintiff s claim because the plaintiff s request for a refund was not based on a claim that it had overpaid the tax but, rather, was intended to challenge the unlawfulness of the petroleum tax as applied to its transactions with the distributor. Although the plaintiff s claim for a refund was based on an alleged violation of the 4-R act, this does not alter the fact that the plaintiff is seeking a refund of the tax that the distributor paid to the department. The plaintiff has not brought a claim for a declaratory judgment or any other prospective relief. The procedures set forth in chapter 227 for obtaining such a refund are not limited only to claims for incorrect assessments but apply to any claim that the tax was overpaid. General Statutes § 12-589. Second, to the extent that the dissent does not consider the provisions of chapter 227 relevant in concluding that § 12-33 plainly and unambiguously applies to the plaintiff s claim because the plaintiff is not a taxpayer within the meaning of § 12-597, we disagree. To the contrary, the provisions of chapter 227 apply to the plaintiff because the plaintiff s claim involves a request for a refund of the petroleum tax, and chapter 227 contains specific procedures that govern such a request. Cf. Commission of Human Rights & Opportunities v. Truelove & Maclean, Inc., 238 Conn. 337, 358, 680 A.2d 1261 (1996) (examining subject of plaintiff s claims in concluding that statute more specific to plaintiff s claims displaced more general statute that otherwise would have applied in absence of specific statute). The plaintiff requested a refund from the commissioner pursuant to these procedures, namely, those in § 12-589, and that statute provides that judicial review of a decision of the commissioner pursuant to § 12-589 shall be made pursuant to § 12-597. Simply because the plaintiff is unable to satisfy the requirements of §§ 12-589 and 12-597 insofar as it is not a taxpayer does not make those provisions any less applicable to the plaintiff s claim. Third, the dissent s conclusion that §§ 12-33 and 12-597 both apply to claims for refunds regarding the petroleum tax effectively nullifies § 12-597. As we more fully describe hereinafter in this opinion, if § 12-33 applies to such appeals, there would have been no reason for the legislature to enact § 12-597 when it established the petroleum tax because § 12-597 does not add any substance or procedure not already contained in § 12-33. The only material difference between the two statutes is that § 12-597 limits the category of appellants to taxpayers. The dissent s conclusion would, however, eviscerate the limitation imposed on standing under § 12-597 by allowing any company to bypass that limitation simply by taking an appeal pursuant to § 12-33. Fourth, the dissent s conclusion is inconsistent with our prior decision in Texaco Refining & Marketing Co. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, supra, 202 Conn. 595 96, and our conclusion in part II of this opinion, with which the dissent agrees. Relying on our interpretation in that case of the legislature s intent in § 12-599 (a) that the petroleum tax not be construed as a tax on purchasers of petroleum products, we concluded in part II of this opinion that the plaintiff, as a purchaser of petroleum products, cannot be considered a payer of the petroleum tax or a taxpayer for purposes of § 12-597. If the plaintiff is not a taxpayer, it makes little sense to allow it to request a refund of a tax that it did not pay, especially when the department did not receive from the plaintiff any payment of or tax returns reporting this tax. As we made clear in Texaco Refining & Marketing Co. and in part II of this opinion, simply because the distributor billed the plaintiff for the amount of the tax the distributor eventually would pay does not make the plaintiff a taxpayer, and we are prohibited by § 12-599 (a) from construing the plaintiff s payment of money to the distributor for this purpose as a payment of the petroleum tax. Thus, the only entity that may request a refund of this tax is the taxpayer, which is not the plaintiff. See DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Law, supra, 284 Conn. 716 17. Fifth, the dissent s conclusion conflicts with principles of sovereign immunity to the extent that it contradicts the text of § 12-589, which directs that appeals from the commissioner s decision concerning the petroleum tax shall be taken pursuant to § 12-597. The doctrine of sovereign immunity requires us to limit the scope of a waiver of immunity to the extent expressly provided by statute. See id. Section 12-589 provides for judicial review pursuant to § 12-597 only. To the extent that the dissent expands this limitation by concluding that a party also may seek judicial review under § 1233, we disagree. Sixth, we disagree with the dissent s conclusion because, not only does § 12-33 currently not apply to claims for refunds of the petroleum tax, but it never has applied to such claims. When the legislature enacted the petroleum tax, it included § 12-597 as the specific appeal provision applicable to that tax. As we discuss more fully hereinafter in this opinion, § 12-33 was enacted prior to § 12-597 and applies to an entirely different set of taxes. 25 Moreover, the legislature enacted the provision that subsequently was codified at § 12-597 in the same public act that established the petroleum tax. See P.A. 80-71, § 11; see also id., § 1 (establishing petroleum tax). 26 Furthermore, because there is no substantive difference between the procedures in § 12-33 and those in § 12-597, we respectfully disagree with the dissent that the legislature intended to channel appeals by taxpayers through § 12-597 and permit all other companies to appeal pursuant to § 1233 and that this demonstrates that § 12-597 is not superfluous. Indeed, although the language of the two statutes is different insofar as § 12-33 requires parties to appeal to their local judicial district and § 12-597 requires parties to appeal to the judicial district of New Britain, the plaintiff acknowledges that this difference actually may be superseded by another statute. General Statutes § 12-39l (b) empowers the chief court administrator to designate the judicial district to which all tax appeals should be directed. The judicial district of New Britain is currently the location of the tax session of the Superior Court to which tax appeals are to be directed. Therefore, despite the difference in language, it is not necessarily true that appeals under the two statutes will be heard in different courts. 27 The current text continues to reflect the original purpose of the statute because, in addition to permitting appeals by companies, it also specifically permits appeals by [a]ny town . . . . General Statutes § 12-33. Although the dissent omitted this reference in quoting the text of § 12-33 in its opinion, this reference to towns reflects the former power of the state board of equalization, and subsequently the tax commissioner, to equalize a town s property tax assessments. See General Statutes (1930 Rev.) § 1108. There has been one minor change, however, to the text of § 12-33 since the powers of the state board of equalization were transferred to the tax commissioner. In 1978, the legislature converted the statute s reference of the location of the Superior Court from the county in which the appellant was located to judicial district . . . . Public Acts 1978, No. 78-280, § 2.
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